Cyber Resilience

CVE-2023-28277

Memory Safety in Microsoft Windows Server 2022

Memory Safety
Published
11 April 2023
Modified
21 November 2024
Patch / advisory
View advisory
CVSS Score v3.1 4.9
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
EPSS Score 0.014 70th percentile
Risk Priority 47 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2023-28277 is a medium-severity Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190) vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Server 2022. Its CVSS base score is 4.9 (Medium).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploitation for Privilege Escalation (T1068); ranked in the top 30% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2023-28277 is an information disclosure vulnerability affecting the Windows DNS Server component. It carries a CVSS 3.1 base score of 4.9 and is associated with CWE-190, indicating an integer overflow or wraparound condition that can lead to unintended exposure of sensitive data.

An attacker with high privileges can exploit the flaw over the network with low attack complexity and no user interaction required. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to obtain confidential information from the DNS server while leaving integrity and availability unaffected.

Microsoft has published remediation guidance for the issue through its Security Response Center at the referenced update-guide URL. The EPSS score has remained flat at a peak of 0.0774 since disclosure, indicating no material increase in observed exploitation interest.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Windows DNS Server Information Disclosure Vulnerability

CWE(s)
CWE-190NVD-CWE-noinfo

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalation Privilege Escalation
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges.
attack.mitre.org →
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1203 Exploitation for Client Execution Execution
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code.
attack.mitre.org →
T1210 Exploitation of Remote Services Lateral Movement
Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2024-30064Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-29369Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2024-38080Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-36395Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2026-47288Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2024-38128Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2025-54106Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-24871Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2026-42974Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-35315Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022

Affected Assets

microsoft
windows server 2022
all versions

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V5.2.6

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure SDLC practices directly require use of safe arithmetic, bounds checks, and testing that prevent integer overflows.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing in development can detect integer overflows before release.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure SDLC mandates input validation and arithmetic checks that prevent integer overflows.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
degrades

Application security requirements include bounds checking and safe arithmetic to avoid overflow conditions.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
degrades

Secure architecture principles require defensive coding patterns that mitigate integer wraparound risks.

A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding standards explicitly forbid unsafe integer operations and mandate overflow-safe constructs.

References