Security Resilience

CVE-2023-28277

Memory Safety in Microsoft Windows Server 2022

Memory Safety
Published
11 April 2023
Modified
21 November 2024
Patch / advisory
View advisory
CVSS Score v3.1 4.9
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
EPSS Score 0.014 72th percentile
Risk Priority 47 floored blend · peak EPSS

CVSS and EPSS are reproduced from their sources (NVD, FIRST EPSS). Risk Priority is our own derived reading, not an NVD score.

Summary

CVE-2023-28277 is a medium-severity Integer Overflow or Wraparound (CWE-190) vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Server 2022. Its CVSS base score is 4.9 (Medium).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique LSA Secrets (T1003.004); ranked in the top 28% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2023-28277 is an information disclosure vulnerability affecting the Windows DNS Server component. It carries a CVSS 3.1 base score of 4.9 and is associated with CWE-190, indicating an integer overflow or wraparound condition that can lead to unintended exposure of sensitive data.

An attacker with high privileges can exploit the flaw over the network with low attack complexity and no user interaction required. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to obtain confidential information from the DNS server while leaving integrity and availability unaffected.

Microsoft has published remediation guidance for the issue through its Security Response Center at the referenced update-guide URL. The EPSS score has remained flat at a peak of 0.0774 since disclosure, indicating no material increase in observed exploitation interest.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Windows DNS Server Information Disclosure Vulnerability

CWE(s)
CWE-190NVD-CWE-noinfo

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1003.004 LSA Secrets Credential Access
Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.
attack.mitre.org →
T1003.005 Cached Domain Credentials Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.
attack.mitre.org →
T1003.006 DCSync Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to access credentials and other sensitive information by abusing a Windows Domain Controller's application programming interface (API)(Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citati…
attack.mitre.org →
T1003.008 /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to dump the contents of <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code> to enable offline password cracking.
attack.mitre.org →
T1006 Direct Volume Access Stealth
Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring.
attack.mitre.org →
T1008 Fallback Channels Command And Control
Adversaries may use fallback or alternate communication channels if the primary channel is compromised or inaccessible in order to maintain reliable command and control and to avoid data transfer thresholds.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2024-30064Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-29369Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-36395Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2026-47288Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2024-38080Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2026-42974Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2025-54106Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2024-38128Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2023-24871Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022
CVE-2026-69631Same product: Microsoft Windows Server 2022

Affected Assets

microsoft
windows server 2022
all versions

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V5.2.6

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 partial match
blocks

Secure SDLC practices directly require use of safe arithmetic, bounds checks, and testing that prevent integer overflows.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.5.14 Information transfer partial match
removes
A.5.15 Access control partial match
removes
A.5.16 Identity management partial match
removes
A.5.17 Authentication information partial match
removes
A.5.18 Access rights partial match
removes
A.8.10 Information deletion partial match
removes

References