Security Resilience

CVE-2023-32612

Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2 Firmware ≤ 2023526

Published
30 June 2023
Modified
27 November 2024
Patch / advisory
View advisory
CVSS Score v3.1 7.2
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0068 51th percentile
Risk Priority 54 floored blend · peak EPSS

CVSS and EPSS are reproduced from their sources (NVD, FIRST EPSS). Risk Priority is our own derived reading, not an NVD score.

Summary

CVE-2023-32612 is a high-severity Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking (CWE-565) vulnerability in Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2 Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 7.2 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Data Obfuscation (T1001); ranked in the top 49% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A08:2025 Software or Data Integrity Failures

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Client-side enforcement of server-side security issue exists in WL-WN531AX2 firmware versions prior to 2023526, which may allow an attacker with an administrative privilege to execute OS commands with the root privilege.

CWE(s)
NVD-CWE-OtherCWE-565

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1001 Data Obfuscation Command And Control
Adversaries may obfuscate command and control traffic to make it more difficult to detect.
attack.mitre.org →
T1001.001 Junk Data Command And Control
Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult.
attack.mitre.org →
T1001.003 Protocol or Service Impersonation Command And Control
Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts.
attack.mitre.org →
T1003.008 /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to dump the contents of <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code> to enable offline password cracking.
attack.mitre.org →
T1005 Data from Local System Collection
Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems, configuration files, local databases, virtual machine files, or process memory, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.
attack.mitre.org →
T1006 Direct Volume Access Stealth
Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2023-32613Same product: Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2
CVE-2023-32620Same product: Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2
CVE-2023-32622Same product: Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2
CVE-2023-32621Same product: Wavlink Wl-Wn531Ax2
CVE-2023-35885Shared CWE-565
CVE-2024-21872Shared CWE-565
CVE-2025-64447Shared CWE-565
CVE-2025-2395Shared CWE-565
CVE-2026-53871Shared CWE-565
CVE-2026-75757Shared CWE-565

Affected Assets

wavlink
wl-wn531ax2 firmware
≤ 2023526

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.AA-03 partial match
blocks

Strong authentication mechanisms reduce reliance on unvalidated cookies for identity and access decisions.

PR.AA-04 partial match
blocks

Cookies commonly carry identity assertions; requiring their protection, conveyance, and verification directly eliminates the weakness.

PR.AA-05 partial match
blocks

Enforcing access policy and least privilege limits damage from cookie misuse but does not address cookie validation itself.

PR.DS-01 partial match
blocks

Integrity protections for data-at-rest can apply to cookie stores but do not cover validation during use.

PR.DS-02 partial match
blocks

Cryptographic integrity for data-in-transit directly mitigates tampering of cookies sent over the network.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.5.27 Learning from information security incidents partial match
removes
A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
blocks

Application security requirements can mandate cookie validation, integrity protection, and server-side session handling.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
removes
A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding practices directly eliminate reliance on unvalidated cookies by requiring proper integrity checks and server-side verification.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance partial match
finds

Security testing can detect cookie-validation flaws but does not itself implement the required controls.

A.8.5 Secure authentication partial match
blocks

A.8.5 chooses, strengthens and protects the act of authenticating a claimed identity; CWE-565 is a flawed reliance on an unvalidated client-supplied token after identity has already been accepted, so the control never stops that acceptance from being exploited.

References