CVE-2025-55423

CriticalPublic PoCRCE

Published: 20 January 2026

Published

20 January 2026

Modified

30 January 2026

KEV Added

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Patch

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CVSS Score 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

EPSS Score 0.0058 69.1th percentile

Risk Priority 20 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2025-55423 is a critical-severity Code Injection (CWE-94) vulnerability in Iptime A104R Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 30.9% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-2 (Flaw Remediation).

Threat & Defense at a Glance

What attackers do: exploitation maps to Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190) and 1 other technique. What defenders deploy: see the NIST 800-53 controls recommended below.

Threat & Defense Details

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5)AI

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

prevent

Directly mandates validation and sanitization of the controlURL input prior to passing it to the system() function, preventing OS command injection.

SI-2 Flaw Remediation good match

prevent

Requires timely identification, reporting, and correction of the specific command injection flaw in the upnp_relay() function via patching or updates.

CM-7 Least Functionality partial match

prevent

Restricts or disables non-essential UPnP relay functionality on ipTIME routers, eliminating the vulnerable attack surface where possible.

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access

Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.

attack.mitre.org →

T1059.004 Unix Shell Execution

Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution.

attack.mitre.org →

Why these techniques?

Command injection vulnerability in UPnP service enables unauthenticated remote exploitation of a public-facing application (T1190) and arbitrary OS command execution via Unix shell (T1059.004).

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v19.0

NVD Description

A command injection vulnerability exists in the upnp_relay() function in multiple ipTIME router models because the controlURL value used to pass port-forwarding information to an upper router is passed to system() without proper validation or sanitization, allowing OS command injection.

Deeper analysisAI

CVE-2025-55423 is a command injection vulnerability (CWE-94) in the upnp_relay() function affecting multiple ipTIME router models. The flaw occurs because the controlURL value, which passes port-forwarding information to an upper router, is directly supplied to the system() function without validation or sanitization, enabling OS command injection. Published on 2026-01-20, it carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Unauthenticated remote attackers with network access can exploit this vulnerability with low complexity and no user interaction required. By supplying a crafted controlURL, they can inject arbitrary OS commands, achieving high-impact confidentiality, integrity, and availability compromises, such as full router takeover.

Mitigation guidance and affected product details are documented in vendor and researcher advisories, including the ipTIME support page (https://iptime.com/iptime/?pageid=4&page_id=126&dfsid=3&dftid=583&uid=25203&mod=document), a Google Sheet tracker (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kryOFltCmnPJvDTpIrudgryt79uI4PWchuQ8-Gak24c/edit?usp=sharing), and GitHub resources listing impacted models in JSON format (https://github.com/0x0xxxx/CVE/blob/main/CVE-2025-55423/assets/affected_products_cve_format.json) and providing further analysis (https://github.com/0x0xxxx/CVE/blob/main/CVE-2025-55423/README.md).