Raw vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:XSummary
CVE-2026-28465 is a high-severity Authentication Bypass by Spoofing (CWE-290) vulnerability in Openclaw Openclaw. Its CVSS base score is 8.2 (High).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Adversary-in-the-Middle (T1557); ranked at the 30th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to IA-2 (Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users)) and IA-3 (Device Identification and Authentication) — see the control section below for these in your framework.
Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary
Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.
CVE-2026-28465, published on 2026-03-05, is an improper authentication vulnerability (CWE-290) in the webhook verification mechanism of OpenClaw's voice-call plugin. Versions of the plugin prior to 2026.2.3 trust untrusted forwarded headers, such as Forwarded or X-Forwarded-* headers, enabling remote attackers to bypass authentication checks. This issue arises in reverse-proxy configurations that implicitly pass and trust these headers without proper validation.
Remote, unauthenticated attackers (PR:N) with network access (AV:N) can exploit the vulnerability by manipulating the affected headers in HTTP requests forwarded through a misconfigured proxy. Exploitation requires high complexity (AC:H) and no user interaction (UI:N), allowing attackers to spoof webhook events. Successful exploitation results in high integrity impact (I:H) with no confidentiality or availability effects (C:N/A:N) and unchanged scope (S:U), as reflected in the CVSS v3.1 base score of 5.9.
Mitigation is addressed in OpenClaw's GitHub security advisory (GHSA-3m3q-x3gj-f79x) and a specific commit (a749db9820eb6d6224032a5a34223d286d2dcc2f) that patches the verification logic. Security practitioners should update the voice-call plugin to version 2026.2.3 or later. Additional details on the bypass via forwarded headers are provided in the VulnCheck advisory.
OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)
EU & UK References
- 🇪🇺 ENISA EUVD: EUVD-2026-9911
Vulnerability Data
OpenClaw's voice-call plugin versions before 2026.2.3 contain an improper authentication vulnerability in webhook verification that allows remote attackers to bypass verification by supplying untrusted forwarded headers. Attackers can spoof webhook events by manipulating Forwarded or X-Forwarded-* headers in reverse-proxy configurations…
more
that implicitly trust these headers.
- CWE(s)
Related Threats
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques
CVEs Like This One
Affected Assets
Mitigating Controls
Control response
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- 3 hardening rules · 3 OS baselines
V6.4.3V10.4.16V10.5.1V11.4.3
Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI
Proper unique identification and authentication of users directly stops spoofing-based bypass of authentication.
Device identification and authentication before connection prevents spoofing of devices to bypass auth.
Authentication of non-organizational users blocks external spoofing attempts against the scheme.
Authenticator management ensures credentials cannot be easily spoofed or reused to bypass authentication.
Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Protecting, conveying, and verifying identity assertions specifically prevents the spoofing that enables authentication bypass.
Requiring authentication of users/services/hardware directly counters spoofing-based bypass when strong methods are used.
Proofing and binding identities reduces spoofing opportunities during enrollment but does not address runtime authentication implementation flaws.
Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Secure authentication control directly mitigates authentication bypass by spoofing.
Authentication information management directly addresses credential handling that prevents spoofing.
Security testing can detect spoofing vulnerabilities but does not prevent them by itself.
Access control policy reduces spoofing opportunities but does not prescribe authentication mechanisms.
Identity management supports unique identities but does not guarantee resistance to spoofing.
Access rights assignment limits exposure but does not enforce authentication strength.
Hardening callouts derived
Configuration rules from DISA STIG baselines that bear on weaknesses of the type cited by this CVE. Each rule is shown with the relationship its mapping actually records, against the CWE it was authored against. Derived via CVE→CWE over `controls_xwalks` (authoritative rows only; rows rated `none` are excluded).
Oracle Linux 8 (1 rule)
- V-248827 OL 8 must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-290
RHEL 7 (1 rule)
- V-204442 The Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating system must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-290
RHEL 8 (1 rule)
- V-230492 RHEL 8 must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-290