CVE-2026-41395
Openclaw ≤ 2026.3.28
Raw vector
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:XSummary
CVE-2026-41395 is a high-severity Missing Cryptographic Step (CWE-325) vulnerability in Openclaw Openclaw. Its CVSS base score is 8.2 (High).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Weaken Encryption (T1600); ranked at the 5th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SC-13 (Cryptographic Protection) — see the control section below for these in your framework.
Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary
Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.
CVE-2026-41395 is a webhook replay vulnerability in OpenClaw versions before 2026.3.28, specifically within the Plivo V3 signature verification process. The flaw arises because signature verification canonicalizes query parameter ordering, but replay detection hashes raw URLs without canonicalization. This inconsistency enables attackers to manipulate query parameters in captured requests while preserving signature validity.
Remote attackers require no privileges or user interaction to exploit the vulnerability over the network with low complexity. By capturing a valid signed webhook, reordering its query parameters to alter the raw URL hash, and resending it, they can bypass replay cache detection. Successful exploitation triggers duplicate voice-call processing, resulting in high integrity impact as reflected in the CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.5 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N) and mapped to CWE-325 (Missing Required Cryptographic Step).
The OpenClaw GitHub security advisory (GHSA-8689-gm9g-jgr6) and VulnCheck advisory (vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-webhook-replay-via-query-parameter-reordering-in-plivo-v3) published on 2026-04-28 document the issue, with mitigation achieved by upgrading to OpenClaw 2026.3.28 or later.
OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)
EU & UK References
- 🇪🇺 ENISA EUVD: EUVD-2026-26103
Vulnerability Data
OpenClaw before 2026.3.28 contains a webhook replay vulnerability in Plivo V3 signature verification that canonicalizes query ordering for signatures but hashes raw URLs for replay detection. Attackers can reorder query parameters to bypass replay cache detection and trigger duplicate voice-call…
more
processing with a captured valid signed webhook.
- CWE(s)
Related Threats
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques
CVEs Like This One
Affected Assets
Mitigating Controls
Control response
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- 14 hardening rules · 6 OS baselines
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Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI
Requires selection and implementation of specific approved cryptographic algorithms and methods, reducing the chance that an incomplete algorithm is used.
Mandates developer testing and evaluation that can uncover missing cryptographic steps through functional and penetration testing.
Requires documented development standards and processes that include correct cryptographic algorithm implementation.
Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Secure SDLC practices explicitly include correct cryptographic algorithm implementation and testing.
Proper encryption of data-at-rest requires all algorithm steps; omitting one directly weakens the control.
Proper encryption of data-in-transit requires all algorithm steps; omitting one directly weakens the control.
Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Security testing can detect incomplete crypto implementations but does not itself enforce correct algorithm steps.
Mandates correct use of cryptographic controls, directly preventing omission of required algorithm steps.
Secure SDLC processes reduce the likelihood of missing crypto steps but do not guarantee algorithm completeness.
Requires secure coding practices that would catch missing cryptographic steps during development.
Hardening callouts derived
Configuration rules from DISA STIG baselines that bear on weaknesses of the type cited by this CVE. Each rule is shown with the relationship its mapping actually records, against the CWE it was authored against. Derived via CVE→CWE over `controls_xwalks` (authoritative rows only; rows rated `none` are excluded).
Oracle Linux 8 (2 rules)
- V-248524 OL 8 must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography for the following: To provision digital signatures, to generate cryptographic hashes, and to protect data requiring data-at-rest protections in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards. prevents CWE-325
- V-248535 The OL 8 shadow password suite must be configured to use a sufficient number of hashing rounds. prevents CWE-325
Oracle Linux 9 (1 rule)
- V-271454 OL 9 must enable FIPS mode. prevents CWE-325
RHEL 7 (1 rule)
- V-204497 The Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating system must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography for the following: to provision digital signatures, to generate cryptographic hashes, and to protect data requiring data-at-rest protections in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards. prevents CWE-325
RHEL 8 (1 rule)
- V-230223 RHEL 8 must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography for the following: To provision digital signatures, to generate cryptographic hashes, and to protect data requiring data-at-rest protections in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards. prevents CWE-325
Ubuntu 22.04 (1 rule)
- V-260650 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography to protect classified information and for the following: To provision digital signatures, to generate cryptographic hashes, and to protect unclassified information requiring confidentiality and cryptographic protection in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards. prevents CWE-325
Ubuntu 24.04 (1 rule)
- V-270744 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography to protect classified information and for the following: To provision digital signatures, to generate cryptographic hashes, and to protect unclassified information requiring confidentiality and cryptographic protection in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards. prevents CWE-325