CVE-2026-4640

High

Published: 24 March 2026

Published

24 March 2026

Modified

15 April 2026

KEV Added

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Patch

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CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

EPSS Score 0.0011 29.3th percentile

Risk Priority 15 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2026-4640 is a high-severity Missing Authentication for Critical Function (CWE-306) vulnerability in Gss Vitalsesp. Its CVSS base score is 7.5 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked at the 29.3th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 AC-14 (Permitted Actions Without Identification or Authentication) and AC-3 (Access Enforcement).

Threat & Defense at a Glance

What attackers do: exploitation maps to Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190). What defenders deploy: see the NIST 800-53 controls recommended below.

Threat & Defense Details

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5)AI

AC-14 Permitted Actions Without Identification or Authentication good match

prevent

Directly identifies, authorizes, documents, and reviews actions permitted without identification or authentication, preventing exploitation of missing authentication for sensitive functions.

IA-8 Identification and Authentication (Non-organizational Users) good match

prevent

Requires unique identification and authentication for non-organizational users, blocking unauthenticated remote access to vulnerable functions.

AC-3 Access Enforcement good match

prevent

Enforces approved authorizations for logical access to system resources, ensuring authentication checks are implemented to mitigate missing authentication vulnerabilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access

Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.

attack.mitre.org →

Why these techniques?

Missing authentication (CWE-306) in a network-accessible service directly enables remote unauthenticated exploitation of a public-facing application to retrieve sensitive information, matching T1190.

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v18.1

NVD Description

Vitals ESP developed by Galaxy Software Services has a Missing Authentication vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to execute certain functions to obtain sensitive information.

Deeper analysisAI

CVE-2026-4640 is a Missing Authentication vulnerability (CWE-306) in Vitals ESP, a product developed by Galaxy Software Services. Published on 2026-03-24, it carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.5 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N), indicating high severity due to its potential for significant confidentiality impact over the network with low complexity and no privileges required. The flaw enables unauthenticated remote attackers to execute specific functions without proper authentication checks.

Unauthenticated attackers with network access can exploit this vulnerability remotely by invoking the affected functions directly. Successful exploitation allows them to obtain sensitive information, though it does not impact integrity or availability.

Mitigation guidance and additional details are provided in advisories from TWCERT/CC, accessible at https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10795-25784-2.html and https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10794-704a2-1.html. Security practitioners should consult these for vendor-recommended patches or workarounds.