Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-1727

Published
10 July 2025
Modified
17 June 2026
CVSS Score v4 7.2
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
EPSS Score 0.0053 42th percentile
Risk Priority 37 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-1727 is a high-severity Weak Authentication (CWE-1390) vulnerability in Cisa (inferred from references). Its CVSS base score is 7.2 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Brute Force (T1110); ranked at the 42th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to IA-12 (Identity Proofing) and IA-2 (Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users)) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2025-1727 is a vulnerability in the RF protocol used for remote linking between End-of-Train (EoT) and Head-of-Train (HoT, also known as FRED) devices. The protocol relies on a BCH checksum for packet creation, which can be bypassed to forge packets. This issue, associated with CWE-1390, affects these rail signaling components and was published on 2025-07-10 with a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.1 (AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H).

An attacker with adjacent physical proximity can exploit this vulnerability using a software-defined radio to craft malicious EoT and HoT packets. No privileges or user interaction are required, enabling low-complexity attacks that issue unauthorized brake control commands to the EoT device. Successful exploitation can disrupt train operations or overwhelm brake systems, achieving high impacts on integrity and availability.

Mitigation details are provided in the CISA ICS Advisory ICSA-25-191-10, available at https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-191-10.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A07:2025 Authentication Failures

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and Head-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a software defined radio…

more

and issue brake control commands to the EoT device, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake systems.

CWE(s)
CWE-1390

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1110 Brute Force Credential Access
Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.
attack.mitre.org →
T1078 Valid Accounts Stealth
Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.
attack.mitre.org →
T1110.001 Password Guessing Credential Access
Adversaries with no prior knowledge of legitimate credentials within the system or environment may guess passwords to attempt access to accounts.
attack.mitre.org →
T1110.003 Password Spraying Credential Access
Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials.
attack.mitre.org →
T1078.001 Default Accounts Stealth
Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.
attack.mitre.org →
T1078.002 Domain Accounts Stealth
Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2025-32885Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2025-49201Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2024-45367Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2023-41862Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2025-59249Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2025-47479Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2024-49019Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2025-5484Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2025-30411Shared CWE-1390
CVE-2026-57352Shared CWE-1390

Affected Assets

Cisa
—
inferred from references and description; NVD did not file a CPE for this CVE

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)
  • 9 hardening rules · 7 OS baselines
Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V7.6.1
  • V6.3.6
  • V6.4.2
  • V6.4.4

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

IA-12 Identity Proofing good match

Requires identity proofing at appropriate assurance levels before granting accounts, directly addressing insufficient proof of identity.

IA-2 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) good match

Requires unique identification and authentication of users, directly stopping weak mechanisms from being used.

IA-3 Device Identification and Authentication good match

Requires device identification and authentication before establishing connections.

IA-8 Identification and Authentication (Non-organizational Users) good match

Extends strong identification and authentication requirements to non-organizational users.

IA-5 Authenticator Management good match

Mandates proper authenticator issuance, management, and strength to ensure claimed identities are verified.

AC-3 Access Enforcement partial match

Enforces access decisions based on authenticated identities, making weak authentication less exploitable.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.AA-03 full match
prevents

Explicitly requires authentication of users/services/hardware with MFA and password-strength controls.

PR.AA-02 mostly match
prevents

Identity proofing and binding is a core prerequisite for non-weak authentication.

PR.AA-01 partial match
prevents

Credential management directly supports stronger authentication but does not guarantee proof of identity.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.5 Secure authentication full match
prevents

Mandating multi-factor and non-password authentication techniques counters the use of inherently weak single-factor or password-only authentication mechanisms.

A.5.17 Authentication information partial match
prevents

Strong-password and non-reuse requirements raise the bar against weak single-factor authentication that can be exploited via guessing or credential stuffing.

Hardening callouts derived

Configuration rules from DISA STIG baselines that bear on weaknesses of the type cited by this CVE. Each rule is shown with the relationship its mapping actually records, against the CWE it was authored against. Derived via CVE→CWE over `controls_xwalks` (authoritative rows only; rows rated `none` are excluded).

Oracle Linux 8 (1 rule)
  • V-248827 OL 8 must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-1390
RHEL 7 (1 rule)
  • V-204442 The Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating system must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-1390
RHEL 8 (1 rule)
  • V-230492 RHEL 8 must not have the rsh-server package installed. prevents CWE-1390
Ubuntu 22.04 (1 rule)
  • V-260470 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, when booted, must require authentication upon booting into single-user and maintenance modes. prevents CWE-1390
Windows 10 (1 rule)
  • V-220865 The Windows Remote Management (WinRM) service must not use Basic authentication. prevents CWE-1390
Windows 11 (1 rule)
  • V-253418 The Windows Remote Management (WinRM) service must not use Basic authentication. prevents CWE-1390

References