Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-23001

Published
31 January 2025
Modified
15 April 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 6.1
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
EPSS Score 0.0030 22th percentile
Risk Priority 45 floored blend · peak EPSS

CVSS and EPSS are reproduced from their sources (NVD, FIRST EPSS). Risk Priority is our own derived reading, not an NVD score.

Summary

CVE-2025-23001 is a medium-severity Improper Neutralization of HTTP Headers for Scripting Syntax (CWE-644) vulnerability in Ctfd (inferred from references). Its CVSS base score is 6.1 (Medium).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Content Injection (T1659); ranked at the 22th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A05:2025 Injection

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

A Host header injection vulnerability exists in CTFd 3.7.5, due to the application failing to properly validate or sanitize the Host header. An attacker can manipulate the Host header in HTTP requests, which may lead to phishing attacks, reset password,…

more

or cache poisoning. NOTE: the Supplier's position is that the end user is supposed to edit the NGINX configuration template to set server_name (with this setting, Host header injection cannot occur).

CWE(s)
CWE-644

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1659 Content Injection Initial Access
Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2025-66485Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-27901Shared CWE-644
CVE-2026-33149Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-0154Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-36223Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-52647Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-52660Shared CWE-644
CVE-2026-1698Shared CWE-644
CVE-2025-13213Shared CWE-644
CVE-2026-54477Shared CWE-644

Affected Assets

Ctfd
—
inferred from references and description; NVD did not file a CPE for this CVE

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V4.2.3

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

Input validation directly requires checking/neutralizing untrusted data such as HTTP headers before they reach browser components.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure SDLC practices directly require proper output encoding and header sanitization to prevent scripting injection.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing catches header-injection issues before release, covering most of the weakness.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure development lifecycle mandates input validation and output encoding that directly prevents header-injection flaws.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
prevents

Application security requirements explicitly call for neutralizing untrusted data in HTTP headers.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
prevents

Secure architecture principles reduce injection surfaces but do not prescribe header-specific controls.

A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding standards require proper escaping or rejection of scripting syntax in HTTP headers.

References