Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-31694

High

Published: 31 March 2025

Published
31 March 2025
Modified
02 September 2025
KEV Added
—
Patch
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CVSS Score v3.1 8.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0051 67.0th percentile
Risk Priority 17 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2025-31694 is a high-severity Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel (CWE-288) vulnerability in Two-Factor Authentication Project Two-Factor Authentication. Its CVSS base score is 8.1 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 33.0% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 AC-3 (Access Enforcement) and SI-2 (Flaw Remediation).

Deeper analysis

CVE-2025-31694 is an Incorrect Authorization vulnerability (CWE-288) in the Drupal Two-factor Authentication (TFA) module that enables forceful browsing. This flaw affects all versions of the TFA module from 0.0.0 up to but not including 1.10.0. Published on March 31, 2025, it carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.1 (High), reflecting network accessibility with high attack complexity but no privileges or user interaction required.

Remote, unauthenticated attackers can exploit this vulnerability over the network by engaging in forceful browsing to bypass authorization controls in the TFA module. Successful exploitation grants high-impact access, potentially leading to unauthorized confidentiality disclosures, integrity modifications, and availability disruptions within affected Drupal sites using vulnerable TFA versions.

The Drupal Security Advisory SA-CONTRIB-2025-023 at https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2025-023 details mitigation steps, with the fix implemented in TFA version 1.10.0; administrators should upgrade to this or later versions to remediate the issue.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability details

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in Drupal Two-factor Authentication (TFA) allows Forceful Browsing.This issue affects Two-factor Authentication (TFA): from 0.0.0 before 1.10.0.

CWE(s)
CWE-288

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
Why these techniques?

CVE-2025-31694 is an access bypass vulnerability in Drupal's Two-factor Authentication module via forceful browsing of overridden login routes, enabling exploitation of a public-facing web application.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2024-13279Same product: Two-Factor Authentication Project Two-Factor Authentication
CVE-2024-13239Same product: Two-Factor Authentication Project Two-Factor Authentication
CVE-2025-10294Shared CWE-288
CVE-2026-3461Shared CWE-288
CVE-2025-67070Shared CWE-288
CVE-2026-42760Shared CWE-288
CVE-2026-44575Shared CWE-288
CVE-2026-1779Shared CWE-288
CVE-2025-0316Shared CWE-288
CVE-2026-45109Shared CWE-288

Affected Assets

two-factor authentication project
two-factor authentication
≤ 8.x-1.10

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

AC-3 Access Enforcement good match
prevent

Enforces approved authorizations for access to system resources, directly preventing forceful browsing bypasses of authorization checks in the Drupal TFA module.

SI-2 Flaw Remediation good match
prevent

Requires timely flaw remediation by patching the vulnerable TFA module to version 1.10.0 or later, eliminating the incorrect authorization vulnerability.

AC-6 Least Privilege partial match
prevent

Limits potential damage from successful forceful browsing exploitation by employing least privilege for accounts and functions in the Drupal system.

References