CVE-2025-66644
RCE in Arraynetworks Arrayos Ag ≤ 9.4.5.9
Raw vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HSummary
CVE-2025-66644 is a high-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Arraynetworks Arrayos Ag. Its CVSS base score is 7.2 (High).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Command and Scripting Interpreter (T1059); ranked in the top 12% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; CISA has added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.
Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary
Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.
CVE-2025-66644 is a command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) affecting Array Networks ArrayOS AG versions prior to 9.4.5.9. This flaw allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the affected system. The vulnerability received a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.2 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H), indicating high severity due to its potential for significant impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability following network-based exploitation with low complexity but requiring high privileges.
Exploitation requires an attacker to have high-level privileges (PR:H) on the target system, such as an authenticated administrative user. Once exploited, attackers can achieve full system compromise, including high impacts across confidentiality, integrity, and availability. In real-world attacks observed from August through December 2025, threat actors leveraged this vulnerability to deploy webshells on ArrayOS AG VPN appliances.
Advisories recommend upgrading to ArrayOS AG version 9.4.5.9 or later to mitigate the vulnerability. The flaw is listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, mandating patching by federal agencies. Additional guidance appears in JPCERT advisory AT-2025-0024 and an Array Networks support announcement.
This vulnerability has seen active in-the-wild exploitation, as documented by multiple sources including BleepingComputer reports on webshell deployments.
OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)
EU & UK References
- 🇪🇺 ENISA EUVD: EUVD-2025-201500
Vulnerability Data
Array Networks ArrayOS AG before 9.4.5.9 allows command injection, as exploited in the wild in August through December 2025.
- CWE(s)
- KEV Date Added
- 08 December 2025
Related Threats
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques
CVEs Like This One
Affected Assets
Mitigating Controls
Control response
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V1.2.5V1.2.8V15.2.5
Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI
Developer testing and evaluation can discover missing or incorrect command sanitization during development.
Input validation directly neutralizes or rejects special characters that would otherwise alter OS command structure.
Least privilege reduces the permissions available to any process that could be subverted by injected commands.
Least functionality restricts available OS commands and interpreters, limiting the blast radius of injection.
Secure engineering principles require proper neutralization of untrusted input before command construction.
Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
PR.PS-06's SDLC practices directly require secure coding and input handling that blocks command-injection defects, yet the single broad outcome leaves many specific neutralization vectors and verification gaps unaddressed.
Routine patching/maintenance can remediate known command-injection CVEs in dependencies (partial forward) but does nothing to stop developers from introducing improper neutralization in custom code (none reverse).
Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Security testing and code review target insecure use of operating-system command interfaces, catching command-injection flaws introduced during development.