Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-0431

Published
19 March 2025
Modified
15 April 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 5.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N
EPSS Score 0.0039 31th percentile
Risk Priority 46 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-0431 is a medium-severity Improper Filtering of Special Elements (CWE-790) vulnerability in Proofpoint (inferred from references). Its CVSS base score is 5.8 (Medium).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique PowerShell (T1059.001); ranked at the 31th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-15 (Information Output Filtering) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Enterprise Protection contains a vulnerability in URL rewriting that allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to send an email which bypasses URL protections impacting the integrity of recipient's email. This occurs due to improper filtering of backslashes within URLs and affects…

more

all versions of 8.21, 8.20 and 8.18 prior to 8.21.0 patch 5115, 8.20.6 patch 5114 and 8.18.6 patch 5113 respectively.

CWE(s)
CWE-790

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1059.001 PowerShell Execution
Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.003 Windows Command Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.004 Unix Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1659 Content Injection Initial Access
Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic.
attack.mitre.org →
T1674 Input Injection Execution
Adversaries may simulate keystrokes on a victim’s computer by various means to perform any type of action on behalf of the user, such as launching the command interpreter using keyboard shortcuts, typing an inline script to be executed,…
attack.mitre.org →
T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2023-45239Shared CWE-790
CVE-2024-43443Shared CWE-790
CVE-2026-2328Shared CWE-790
CVE-2023-22578Shared CWE-790
CVE-2024-6540Shared CWE-790
CVE-2025-27260Shared CWE-790
CVE-2024-47984Shared CWE-790
CVE-2024-31616Shared CWE-790
CVE-2026-11331Shared CWE-790
CVE-2026-9658Shared CWE-790

Affected Assets

Proofpoint
—
inferred from references and description; NVD did not file a CPE for this CVE

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

Input validation directly requires checking and filtering special elements in data received from upstream before further processing or forwarding.

SI-15 Information Output Filtering good match

Output filtering validates data sent downstream and can catch or correct unfiltered special elements prior to transmission.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure SDLC practices directly require proper sanitization and filtering of special elements before data passes downstream.

ID.RA-01 partial match
prevents

Identifying recorded vulnerabilities can surface missing input filters during code or configuration review.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing can detect improper filtering but does not itself implement the filtering control.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure development life cycle mandates input validation and sanitization that directly prevents improper filtering of special elements.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
prevents

Application security requirements explicitly call for input validation controls that mitigate improper special-element filtering.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
prevents

Secure system architecture and engineering principles include defensive input handling that reduces the risk of unfiltered special elements.

A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding standards require proper filtering and encoding of special elements before downstream processing.

References