Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-32468

Sail 0.9.8

Public PoC
Published
25 August 2025
Modified
17 June 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 8.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0068 49th percentile
Risk Priority 65 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-32468 is a high-severity Integer Overflow to Buffer Overflow (CWE-680) vulnerability in Sail Sail. Its CVSS base score is 8.8 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploitation for Privilege Escalation (T1068); ranked at the 49th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SA-15 (Development Process, Standards, and Tools) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2025-32468 is a memory corruption vulnerability in the BMPv3 Image Decoding functionality of the SAIL Image Decoding Library version 0.9.8. The issue arises when loading a specially crafted BMP file, triggering an integer overflow during stride calculation for decoding. This subsequently causes a heap-based buffer overflow, potentially leading to remote code execution. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-680 and received a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability by convincing a user or application to load a malicious BMP file through the affected library. No privileges are required, and the attack is network-accessible with low complexity, though it relies on user interaction such as opening the file. Successful exploitation grants high-impact confidentiality, integrity, and availability effects, including the potential for remote code execution in the context of the decoding process.

Mitigation details are available in the Talos Intelligence advisory TALOS-2025-2216 at https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2025-2216.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the BMPv3 Image Decoding functionality of the SAIL Image Decoding Library v0.9.8. When loading a specially crafted .bmp file, an integer overflow can be made to occur when calculating the stride for decoding. Afterwards,…

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this will cause a heap-based buffer to overflow when decoding the image which can lead to remote code execution. An attacker will need to convince the library to read a file to trigger this vulnerability.

CWE(s)
CWE-680

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalation Privilege Escalation
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges.
attack.mitre.org →
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1203 Exploitation for Client Execution Execution
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code.
attack.mitre.org →
T1210 Exploitation of Remote Services Lateral Movement
Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1212 Exploitation for Credential Access Credential Access
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to collect credentials.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2025-53510Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-52456Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-52930Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-46407Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-35984Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-50129Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2026-27168Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-53085Same product: Sail Sail
CVE-2025-23326Shared CWE-680
CVE-2024-55626Shared CWE-680

Affected Assets

sail
sail
0.9.8

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation good match

Developer testing and analysis (static, dynamic, fuzzing) finds integer-overflow-to-allocation defects before deployment.

SA-15 Development Process, Standards, and Tools partial match

Mandates documented development standards and tools that enforce secure coding rules against unsafe integer arithmetic.

SA-8 Security and Privacy Engineering Principles partial match

Requires engineering principles such as safe arithmetic and bounds-checked allocation that directly stop integer overflow during memory-size computation.

SI-10 Information Input Validation partial match

Validates untrusted size/offset inputs before they reach allocation calculations, structurally blocking the integer overflow path.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure SDLC practices directly prevent integer-overflow flaws during development, but eliminating only this CWE covers only part of the broad control intent.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing can detect integer-overflow-to-buffer-overflow conditions during development.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure development life cycle mandates practices that can catch integer overflows before deployment.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
prevents

Application security requirements can specify safe integer handling and bounds checking.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
prevents

Secure architecture principles encourage use of safe arithmetic libraries and overflow detection.

A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding standards directly require prevention of integer overflows that lead to buffer overflows.

References