CVE-2025-52930
Published: 25 August 2025
Summary
CVE-2025-52930 is a high-severity Integer Overflow to Buffer Overflow (CWE-680) vulnerability in Sail Sail. Its CVSS base score is 8.8 (High).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploitation for Client Execution (T1203); ranked in the top 40.2% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-16 (Memory Protection) and SI-2 (Flaw Remediation).
Threat & Defense at a Glance
Threat & Defense Details
Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5)AI
Directly remediates the heap-based buffer overflow in SAIL library's BMPv3 RLE decoding by identifying, prioritizing, and applying patches or library updates.
Provides memory protections like ASLR, DEP, and heap cookies to prevent successful exploitation of the heap buffer overflow for remote code execution.
Validates BMP image inputs prior to decoding to block specially crafted files from reaching the vulnerable RLE decompression function.
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI
Why these techniques?
Heap buffer overflow in image decoder directly enables client-side RCE via malicious BMP file (T1203); requires user to open crafted file (T1204.002).
NVD Description
A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the BMPv3 RLE Decoding functionality of the SAIL Image Decoding Library v0.9.8. When decompressing the image data from a specially crafted .bmp file, a heap-based buffer overflow can occur which allows for remote code…
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execution. An attacker will need to convince the library to read a file to trigger this vulnerability.
Deeper analysisAI
A memory corruption vulnerability, designated CVE-2025-52930, affects the BMPv3 RLE Decoding functionality in the SAIL Image Decoding Library version 0.9.8. The issue manifests as a heap-based buffer overflow during the decompression of image data from a specially crafted .bmp file, potentially enabling remote code execution. Applications or systems that incorporate this library and process BMP files are at risk when the library is instructed to decode malicious input.
The vulnerability carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H), indicating it is exploitable over the network with low attack complexity and no required privileges, though it demands user interaction. An attacker can craft a malicious BMP file and trick a user into opening or processing it via an affected application, such as an image viewer or editor linked against the library. Successful exploitation allows arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the application, potentially leading to full system compromise.
Mitigation details and further technical analysis are available in the Talos Intelligence advisory at https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2025-2221. Security practitioners should review this report for patch information, workarounds, or updated library versions to address the flaw.
Details
- CWE(s)