Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-45428

Memory Safety in Tenda Ac9 Firmware 15.03.05.14_multi

Public PoCMemory Safety
Published
23 April 2025
Modified
17 June 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 9.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0086 55th percentile
Risk Priority 75 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-45428 is a critical-severity Stack-based Buffer Overflow (CWE-121) vulnerability in Tenda Ac9 Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploitation for Privilege Escalation (T1068); ranked in the top 45% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

Tenda AC9 routers running firmware version V15.03.05.14_multi contain a stack-based buffer overflow in the rebootTime parameter processed by the /goform/SetSysAutoRebbotCfg endpoint. The flaw, tracked as CVE-2025-45428 and assigned CWE-121, permits unauthenticated remote attackers to supply oversized input that corrupts the stack and achieves arbitrary code execution. The vulnerability carries a CVSS 3.1 score of 9.8, reflecting network attack vector, low complexity, and no required credentials or user interaction.

An attacker with network reachability to the router's management interface can send a crafted HTTP request targeting the affected form handler. Successful exploitation grants full control over the device, allowing installation of persistent malware, interception of traffic, or use of the router as an entry point into the local network.

The two public references consist of identical GitHub disclosures that detail the parameter handling flaw and include proof-of-concept material; no vendor advisory or official patch information is referenced in the available sources.

EPSS scores for the CVE rose from a low baseline to a recorded peak of 0.0233 before settling at the current value of 0.0121, indicating measurable post-disclosure exploitation interest.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

In Tenda ac9 v1.0 with firmware V15.03.05.14_multi, the rebootTime parameter of /goform/SetSysAutoRebbotCfg has a stack overflow vulnerability, which can lead to remote arbitrary code execution.

CWE(s)
CWE-121

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalation Privilege Escalation
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges.
attack.mitre.org →
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1203 Exploitation for Client Execution Execution
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code.
attack.mitre.org →
T1210 Exploitation of Remote Services Lateral Movement
Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1212 Exploitation for Credential Access Credential Access
Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to collect credentials.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2024-25748Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2024-25751Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2024-25746Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2024-25756Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2025-45427Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2024-25753Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2025-45429Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2026-6016Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2026-2192Same product: Tenda Ac9
CVE-2026-6015Same product: Tenda Ac9

Affected Assets

tenda
ac9 firmware
15.03.05.14_multi

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)
  • 2 hardening rules · 2 OS baselines
Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)

—

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation good match

Developer testing and analysis can discover stack-buffer overflows before deployment.

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

Input validation directly stops untrusted data from exceeding stack buffer bounds.

SI-16 Memory Protection good match

Memory-protection mechanisms limit the ability to execute injected code after a stack overflow.

SA-8 Security and Privacy Engineering Principles partial match

Secure-engineering principles include bounds-checked coding and safe buffer handling that avoid introducing the flaw.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure-development practices directly prevent introduction of stack buffer overflows.

ID.RA-01 partial match
prevents

Vulnerability scanning can discover stack buffer overflows but does not prevent their introduction.

PR.PS-02 partial match
prevents

Patching eliminates known instances of the weakness after discovery.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing (fuzzing, static analysis) detects stack overflows before release.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure SDLC mandates buffer-safety practices that directly prevent stack overflows.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
prevents

Application security requirements can specify buffer-size and input-validation rules.

A.8.27 Secure system architecture and engineering principles partial match
prevents

Secure architecture principles include memory-safety and least-privilege stack usage.

A.8.28 Secure coding partial match
prevents

Secure coding standards explicitly forbid unsafe buffer handling that causes CWE-121.

A.8.32 Change management none match
none

Change-management gates can enforce security reviews that catch buffer issues.

Hardening callouts derived

Configuration rules from DISA STIG baselines that bear on weaknesses of the type cited by this CVE. Each rule is shown with the relationship its mapping actually records, against the CWE it was authored against. Derived via CVE→CWE over `controls_xwalks` (authoritative rows only; rows rated `none` are excluded).

Oracle Linux 8 (1 rule)
  • V-248594 OL 8 must implement address space layout randomization (ASLR) to protect its memory from unauthorized code execution. prevents CWE-121
Oracle Linux 9 (1 rule)
  • V-271452 OL 9 must use a Linux Security Module configured to enforce limits on system services. prevents CWE-121

References