Cyber Resilience

CVE-2020-11978

RCE in Apache Airflow ≤ 1.10.11

CISA KEVActive ExploitationEUVD ExploitedPublic PoCRCECommand Injection
Published
17 July 2020
Modified
23 October 2025
KEV Added
18 January 2022
Patch / advisory
CVSS Score v3.1 8.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.99 99.9th percentile
Risk Priority 90 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2020-11978 is a high-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Apache Airflow. Its CVSS base score is 8.8 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Command and Scripting Interpreter (T1059); ranked in the top 0.1% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; CISA has added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2020-11978 is a remote code or command injection vulnerability present in Apache Airflow versions 1.10.10 and earlier. It resides in one of the example DAGs that ship with the product by default and stems from improper handling of untrusted input that is passed to operating-system commands, corresponding to CWE-78. The issue is absent when the configuration option load_examples is explicitly set to False.

Any authenticated user can exploit the flaw to execute arbitrary commands on the host running the Airflow worker or scheduler process, with privileges equivalent to that process. Successful exploitation therefore grants the attacker the ability to read, modify, or delete data and potentially pivot to other systems, depending on the executor configuration and the privileges of the Airflow service account.

Public advisories and exploit disclosures note that the sole recommended mitigation is to disable the example DAGs by setting load_examples=False in the Airflow configuration; no other configuration changes or patches are described for versions 1.10.10 and below. Multiple proof-of-concept exploits have been published that demonstrate unauthenticated-to-authenticated command execution against the vulnerable example DAG.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

An issue was found in Apache Airflow versions 1.10.10 and below. A remote code/command injection vulnerability was discovered in one of the example DAGs shipped with Airflow which would allow any authenticated user to run arbitrary commands as the user…

more

running airflow worker/scheduler (depending on the executor in use). If you already have examples disabled by setting load_examples=False in the config then you are not vulnerable.

CWE(s)
KEV Date Added
18 January 2022

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.
T1059.003 Windows Command Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution.
T1059.004 Unix Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution.
T1059.001 PowerShell Execution
Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution.
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2022-24288Same product: Apache Airflow
CVE-2025-54941Same product: Apache Airflow
CVE-2020-13927Same product: Apache Airflowboth on KEV
CVE-2020-1956Same vendor: Apacheboth on KEV
CVE-2022-33891Same vendor: Apacheboth on KEV
CVE-2022-40127Same product: Apache Airflow
CVE-2021-21315Same vendor: Apacheboth on KEV
CVE-2023-22887Same product: Apache Airflow
CVE-2023-49920Same product: Apache Airflow
CVE-2023-50943Same product: Apache Airflow

Affected Assets

apache
airflow
≤ 1.10.11

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V1.2.5
  • V1.2.8
  • V15.2.5

Likely Mitigating Controls AI

Per-CVE control mapping for this CVE has not run yet; the list below is derived from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry.

addresses: CWE-78

Platform-independent apps typically execute inside a managed runtime or sandbox that restricts direct OS command execution, reducing the ability to exploit OS command injection.

addresses: CWE-78

Validates inputs to block special elements that would alter OS command execution.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

PR.PS-06's SDLC practices directly require secure coding and input handling that blocks command-injection defects, yet the single broad outcome leaves many specific neutralization vectors and verification gaps unaddressed.

PR.PS-02 partial match
prevents

Routine patching/maintenance can remediate known command-injection CVEs in dependencies (partial forward) but does nothing to stop developers from introducing improper neutralization in custom code (none reverse).

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

finds

Security testing and code review target insecure use of operating-system command interfaces, catching command-injection flaws introduced during development.

References