CVE-2023-28228
Published: 11 April 2023
Summary
CVE-2023-28228 is a medium-severity Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature (CWE-347) vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Server 2008. Its CVSS base score is 5.5 (Medium).
Operationally, ranked in the top 22.0% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.
Deeper analysis
CVE-2023-28228 is a spoofing vulnerability affecting Windows, assigned a CVSS 3.1 base score of 5.5 with the vector AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N. It is also associated with CWE-347. The flaw was publicly disclosed on 11 April 2023.
An attacker with local access and no privileges can exploit the issue provided they can convince a user to perform a specific action, resulting in high impact to integrity while leaving confidentiality and availability unaffected.
Microsoft Security Response Center advisories hosted at the listed reference URLs describe available patches and mitigation steps for the vulnerability.
The associated EPSS score rose from a low baseline to a peak of 0.0762 on 22 January 2025 before receding to its current value of 0.0106, indicating that exploitation interest emerged well after initial disclosure.
EU & UK References
- 🇪🇺 ENISA EUVD: EUVD-2023-31936
Vulnerability details
Windows Spoofing Vulnerability
- CWE(s)
Related Threats
No named actor attribution yet. ATT&CK technique mapping in progress for this CVE.
Affected Assets
Mitigating Controls
Likely Mitigating Controls AI
Per-CVE control mapping for this CVE has not run yet; the list below is derived from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry.
Requires verification of digital signatures using organization-approved certificates before installation, directly preventing improper verification of cryptographic signatures.
Component authenticity commonly depends on cryptographic signatures; the control enforces proper verification of those signatures.
PKI certificates under an approved policy require cryptographic signature verification on issuance and validation.
Requires cryptographic signatures on authoritative data and support for verifying the chain of trust.
Mandates verification of cryptographic signatures (e.g., DNSSEC RRSIG) on resolution responses, addressing missing or bypassed signature checks.
Integrity tools commonly rely on cryptographic signatures whose improper validation this weakness covers.
Authenticity validation commonly relies on cryptographic signature or certificate checks that this control enforces.