Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-23433

High

Published: 03 March 2025

Published
03 March 2025
Modified
23 April 2026
KEV Added
—
Patch
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CVSS Score v3.1 7.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
EPSS Score 0.0023 46.2th percentile
Risk Priority 14 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2025-23433 is a high-severity Cross-site Scripting (CWE-79) vulnerability. Its CVSS base score is 7.1 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked at the 46.2th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-15 (Information Output Filtering).

Deeper analysis

CVE-2025-23433 is an Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation vulnerability, classified as Cross-site Scripting (CWE-79), that enables Reflected XSS in the jnwry vcOS WordPress plugin (vcos). Published on 2025-03-03, it affects vcOS versions from n/a through 1.4.0.

The vulnerability carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.1 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L), indicating network accessibility, low attack complexity, no required privileges, and user interaction needed for exploitation. Unauthenticated attackers can deliver malicious payloads via reflected inputs, tricking victims into executing scripts in their browsers, potentially leading to limited impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability with a changed scope.

The primary advisory from Patchstack (https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/vcos/vulnerability/wordpress-vcos-plugin-1-4-0-reflected-cross-site-scripting-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve) documents the issue in the WordPress vcOS plugin version 1.4.0 and provides details for practitioners to assess mitigation, such as applying available updates or input validation workarounds.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability details

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in jnwry vcOS vcos allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects vcOS: from n/a through <= 1.4.0.

CWE(s)
CWE-79

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
Why these techniques?

The CVE describes a reflected XSS vulnerability in a public-facing WordPress plugin, allowing unauthenticated network attackers to inject and execute malicious scripts in victims' browsers via crafted inputs/URLs. This directly maps to exploitation of public-facing applications for initial access or client-side effects.

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v18.1

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2021-47873Shared CWE-79
CVE-2026-7052Shared CWE-79
CVE-2024-56060Shared CWE-79
CVE-2025-49043Shared CWE-79
CVE-2026-40038Shared CWE-79
CVE-2024-56022Shared CWE-79
CVE-2025-68889Shared CWE-79
CVE-2026-1074Shared CWE-79
CVE-2025-22539Shared CWE-79
CVE-2025-22286Shared CWE-79

Affected Assets

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SI-2 Flaw Remediation good match
prevent

Directly remediates the reflected XSS flaw in vcOS by requiring identification, reporting, and patching of the vulnerable WordPress plugin versions up to 1.4.0.

SI-15 Information Output Filtering good match
prevent

Prevents reflected XSS attacks by filtering malicious scripts from user inputs reflected in dynamically generated web pages of the vcOS plugin.

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match
prevent

Blocks exploitation of the improper input neutralization vulnerability by validating and sanitizing reflected inputs in the vcOS WordPress plugin.

References