Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-2395

Critical

Published: 17 March 2025

Published
17 March 2025
Modified
18 November 2025
KEV Added
—
Patch
—
CVSS Score v3.1 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0123 79.6th percentile
Risk Priority 20 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2025-2395 is a critical-severity Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking (CWE-565) vulnerability in Edetw U-Office Force. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 20.4% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 AC-14 (Permitted Actions Without Identification or Authentication) and AC-3 (Access Enforcement).

Deeper analysis

The U-Office Force application from e-Excellence contains an Improper Authentication vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-2395 with a CVSS v3.1 score of 9.8. The flaw stems from insufficient validation that permits unauthenticated remote attackers to invoke a particular API and modify cookies in order to assume administrator privileges.

Unauthenticated attackers on the network can leverage the weakness to bypass login controls entirely, resulting in full compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability on affected installations.

Taiwan's CERT has published advisories detailing the issue and recommended actions at the referenced URLs. The associated EPSS score remains low, with a current value of 0.0123 and a recorded peak of 0.0237.

EU & UK References

Vulnerability details

The U-Office Force from e-Excellence has an Improper Authentication vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to use a particular API and alter cookies to log in as an administrator.

CWE(s)
CWE-565

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1550.004 Web Session Cookie Lateral Movement
Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services.
attack.mitre.org →
Why these techniques?

Vulnerability enables unauthenticated remote exploitation of public-facing app API to manipulate cookies for admin impersonation, directly mapping to T1190 and facilitating T1550.004.

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v19.0

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2026-3422Same product: Edetw U-Office Force
CVE-2025-12865Same product: Edetw U-Office Force
CVE-2025-2396Same product: Edetw U-Office Force
CVE-2025-12864Same product: Edetw U-Office Force
CVE-2025-64447Shared CWE-565
CVE-2025-14440Shared CWE-565
CVE-2014-125112Shared CWE-565
CVE-2022-50926Shared CWE-565
CVE-2025-65212Shared CWE-565
CVE-2026-5130Shared CWE-565

Affected Assets

edetw
u-office force
≤ 28.0

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

AC-14 Permitted Actions Without Identification or Authentication good match
prevent

Explicitly identifies and limits actions allowable without authentication, precluding the vulnerable API endpoint from permitting unauthenticated cookie alteration for admin login.

AC-3 Access Enforcement good match
prevent

Enforces approved access authorizations, blocking unauthenticated remote attackers from accessing the API to manipulate cookies and gain administrator privileges.

IA-2 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) good match
prevent

Requires robust identification and authentication for organizational users, preventing improper authentication bypass via API-driven cookie alteration to impersonate administrators.

References