CVE-2025-28036
RCE in Totolink A950Rg Firmware 4.1.2cu.5161_b20200903
Raw vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HSummary
CVE-2025-28036 is a critical-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Totolink A950Rg Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Command and Scripting Interpreter (T1059); ranked in the top 34% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.
Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary
Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.
TOTOLINK A950RG firmware version V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903 contains a pre-authentication remote command execution vulnerability in the setNoticeCfg function. The flaw is triggered through the NoticeUrl parameter and is tracked as CWE-78, indicating improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command. The issue carries a CVSS 3.1 score of 9.8, reflecting network-accessible exploitation with no required credentials or user interaction.
An unauthenticated attacker can send a crafted HTTP request to the affected device and execute arbitrary operating-system commands. Successful exploitation grants the attacker full control over the router, including the ability to read, modify, or delete data and to disrupt device operation.
The current EPSS score of 0.0527 with a recorded peak of 0.0636 indicates modest but non-zero public interest following disclosure. Public references consist of technical write-ups hosted on Notion that document the vulnerability details and reproduction steps.
OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)
EU & UK References
- 🇪🇺 ENISA EUVD: EUVD-2025-12208
Vulnerability Data
TOTOLINK A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903 was found to contain a pre-auth remote command execution vulnerability in the setNoticeCfg function through the NoticeUrl parameter.
- CWE(s)
Related Threats
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques
CVEs Like This One
Affected Assets
Mitigating Controls
Control response
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V1.2.5V1.2.8V15.2.5
Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI
Developer testing and evaluation can discover missing or incorrect command sanitization during development.
Input validation directly neutralizes or rejects special characters that would otherwise alter OS command structure.
Least privilege reduces the permissions available to any process that could be subverted by injected commands.
Least functionality restricts available OS commands and interpreters, limiting the blast radius of injection.
Secure engineering principles require proper neutralization of untrusted input before command construction.
Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
PR.PS-06's SDLC practices directly require secure coding and input handling that blocks command-injection defects, yet the single broad outcome leaves many specific neutralization vectors and verification gaps unaddressed.
Routine patching/maintenance can remediate known command-injection CVEs in dependencies (partial forward) but does nothing to stop developers from introducing improper neutralization in custom code (none reverse).
Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI
Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.
Security testing and code review target insecure use of operating-system command interfaces, catching command-injection flaws introduced during development.