Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-28038

RCE in Totolink Ex1200T Firmware 4.1.2cu.5232_b20210713

Public PoCRCECommand Injection
Published
22 April 2025
Modified
17 June 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 9.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.011 63th percentile
Risk Priority 79 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-28038 is a critical-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Totolink Ex1200T Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Command and Scripting Interpreter (T1059); ranked in the top 37% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

TOTOLINK EX1200T firmware version V4.1.2cu.5232_B20210713 contains a pre-authentication remote command execution vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function, triggered through the webWlanIdx parameter. The flaw is tracked as CVE-2025-28038 with a CVSS 3.1 score of 9.8 and is classified under CWE-78 as an instance of OS command injection.

An unauthenticated attacker with network access can supply a crafted webWlanIdx value to the affected endpoint and execute arbitrary operating-system commands on the device. Successful exploitation grants full control over the router, allowing confidentiality, integrity, and availability impacts without any user interaction or credentials.

EPSS for the CVE rose from a low baseline to a peak of 0.0820 on 2026-02-16 before receding to the current value of 0.0265, indicating a period of increased exploitation interest after public disclosure. No further details on patches or real-world exploitation activity are available in the provided references.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A05:2025 Injection

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

TOTOLINK EX1200T V4.1.2cu.5232_B20210713 was found to contain a pre-auth remote command execution vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function through the webWlanIdx parameter.

CWE(s)
CWE-78

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.003 Windows Command Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.004 Unix Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.001 PowerShell Execution
Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2025-28039Same product: Totolink Ex1200T
CVE-2024-0292Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2024-0298Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2023-48805Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2023-48806Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2024-8574Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2025-11005Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2026-31178Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2025-52906Same vendor: Totolink
CVE-2024-57020Same vendor: Totolink

Affected Assets

totolink
ex1200t firmware
4.1.2cu.5232_b20210713

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V1.2.5
  • V1.2.8
  • V15.2.5

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation good match

Developer testing and evaluation can discover missing or incorrect command sanitization during development.

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

Input validation directly neutralizes or rejects special characters that would otherwise alter OS command structure.

AC-6 Least Privilege partial match

Least privilege reduces the permissions available to any process that could be subverted by injected commands.

CM-7 Least Functionality partial match

Least functionality restricts available OS commands and interpreters, limiting the blast radius of injection.

SA-8 Security and Privacy Engineering Principles partial match

Secure engineering principles require proper neutralization of untrusted input before command construction.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

PR.PS-06's SDLC practices directly require secure coding and input handling that blocks command-injection defects, yet the single broad outcome leaves many specific neutralization vectors and verification gaps unaddressed.

PR.PS-02 partial match
prevents

Routine patching/maintenance can remediate known command-injection CVEs in dependencies (partial forward) but does nothing to stop developers from introducing improper neutralization in custom code (none reverse).

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing and code review target insecure use of operating-system command interfaces, catching command-injection flaws introduced during development.

References