CVE-2025-41684

HighRCE

Published: 23 July 2025

Published

23 July 2025

Modified

15 April 2026

KEV Added

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Patch

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CVSS Score 8.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

EPSS Score 0.0034 56.5th percentile

Risk Priority 18 60% EPSS · 20% KEV · 20% CVSS

Summary

CVE-2025-41684 is a high-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Certvde (inferred from references). Its CVSS base score is 8.8 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 43.5% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-2 (Flaw Remediation).

Threat & Defense at a Glance

What attackers do: exploitation maps to Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190) and 1 other technique. What defenders deploy: see the NIST 800-53 controls recommended below.

Threat & Defense Details

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5)AI

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

prevent

Directly addresses the OS command injection by requiring validation and sanitization of user inputs to the tls_iotgen_setting web endpoint.

SI-2 Flaw Remediation good match

prevent

Ensures timely identification, reporting, and correction of the specific input sanitization flaw in the Main Web Interface.

AC-6 Least Privilege partial match

prevent

Limits damage from root privilege command execution by enforcing least privilege on the processes handling the vulnerable endpoint.

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access

Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.

attack.mitre.org →

T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution

Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.

attack.mitre.org →

Why these techniques?

OS command injection in exposed web interface (tls_iotgen_setting) directly enables remote exploitation of a public-facing application and arbitrary OS command execution as root.

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v18.1

NVD Description

An authenticated remote attacker can execute arbitrary commands with root privileges on affected devices due to lack of improper sanitizing of user input in the Main Web Interface (endpoint tls_iotgen_setting).

Deeper analysisAI

CVE-2025-41684 is an OS command injection vulnerability (CWE-78) stemming from improper sanitization of user input in the Main Web Interface, specifically the tls_iotgen_setting endpoint. Published on 2025-07-23, it affects devices exposing this web interface and carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).

An authenticated remote attacker with low privileges can exploit the vulnerability over the network with low complexity and no user interaction. Successful exploitation enables execution of arbitrary commands with root privileges on the affected device.

The advisory VDE-2025-052 from CERT VDE provides further details on mitigation at https://certvde.com/de/advisories/VDE-2025-052.