CVE-2025-54462
Published: 25 August 2025
Summary
CVE-2025-54462 is a critical-severity Heap-based Buffer Overflow (CWE-122) vulnerability in Libbiosig Project Libbiosig. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).
Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 44.1% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.
The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-16 (Memory Protection).
Threat & Defense at a Glance
Threat & Defense Details
Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5)AI
SI-2 requires timely identification, reporting, and correction of system flaws like CVE-2025-54462, directly eliminating the heap buffer overflow through patching.
SI-10 mandates validation of information inputs such as specially crafted .nex files, preventing the buffer overflow in Nex parsing functionality.
SI-16 implements memory safeguards that protect against heap-based buffer overflows leading to arbitrary code execution in libbiosig.
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI
Why these techniques?
Remote unauthenticated heap buffer overflow in file parser enables arbitrary code execution via malicious .nex file over network with no user interaction, directly mapping to exploitation of public-facing or network-accessible applications processing such files.
NVD Description
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the Nex parsing functionality of The Biosig Project libbiosig 3.9.0 and Master Branch (35a819fa). A specially crafted .nex file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can provide a malicious file to…
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trigger this vulnerability.
Deeper analysisAI
CVE-2025-54462 is a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability (CWE-122) in the Nex parsing functionality of The Biosig Project's libbiosig version 3.9.0 and Master Branch (commit 35a819fa). A specially crafted .nex file can trigger the overflow, leading to arbitrary code execution. The vulnerability carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 9.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H), reflecting its critical severity due to high impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
The vulnerability can be exploited by any remote attacker with network access who provides a malicious .nex file to a target application or system that processes such files using the affected libbiosig component. No authentication, privileges, or user interaction are required, allowing the attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution in the context of the parsing process.
For mitigation details, refer to the Talos Intelligence advisory at https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2025-2239, which documents the issue and may include patching guidance or workarounds.
Details
- CWE(s)