Cyber Resilience

CVE-2026-16504

Exposed Creds

Published
31 July 2026
Modified
08 September 2026
CVSS Score v3.1 9.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS Score 0.0035 29th percentile
Risk Priority 71 floored blend · peak EPSS

CVSS and EPSS are reproduced from their sources (NVD, FIRST EPSS). Risk Priority is our own derived reading, not an NVD score.

Summary

CVE-2026-16504 is a critical-severity Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key (CWE-321) vulnerability. Its CVSS base score is 9.8 (Critical).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Valid Accounts (T1078); ranked at the 29th percentile by exploit likelihood (below the median); it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to CM-2 (Baseline Configuration) and CM-6 (Configuration Settings) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Deployment of the VPS.org one-click Zulip template deploys a hardcoded application signing key, a default database password ("zulip"), and DISABLE_HTTPS=True.

CWE(s)

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1078 Valid Accounts Stealth
Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.
T1078.001 Default Accounts Stealth
Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.
T1133 External Remote Services Persistence
Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network.
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
T1542.002 Component Firmware Stealth
Adversaries may modify component firmware to persist on systems.
T1552 Unsecured Credentials Credential Access
Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials.
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2026-25894Shared CWE-1188, CWE-321
CVE-2026-36616Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2023-6448Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2026-44825Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2026-57147Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2026-33072Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2026-16503Shared CWE-1188, CWE-1393
CVE-2024-41995Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2026-75926Shared CWE-1188
CVE-2024-34063Shared CWE-1188

Affected Assets

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)
  • 11 hardening rules · 6 OS baselines
Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V14.3.2
  • V6.3.2
  • V11.3.1
  • V13.2.3

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

Authenticator management requires verification of identity at initial distribution and secure handling that directly stops default passwords from remaining in use.

Requiring cryptographic keys to be established and managed according to defined requirements prevents developers from embedding static unchangeable keys.

Baseline configuration directly requires documenting and maintaining secure initial settings instead of insecure defaults.

Configuration settings mandate the most restrictive values be applied at initialization, eliminating reliance on insecure factory defaults.

Least privilege reduces the blast radius of any insecure default permissions that remain after initialization.

Security engineering principles include explicit requirements for secure defaults during resource initialization and design.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

ID.RA-01 partial match
prevents

Vulnerability scanning will discover default-password instances, enabling remediation, yet does not itself prevent their initial use.

ID.RA-09 partial match
prevents

Pre-acquisition integrity checks can reject products known to ship with insecure defaults.

PR.AA-01 partial match
prevents

Credential management directly requires replacing default passwords with unique, strong credentials.

PR.AA-03 partial match
prevents

Authentication policies can enforce non-default passwords but do not address the full scope of credential lifecycle.

PR.AA-05 partial match
prevents

Authorization policies assume credentials already exist and are not default; least-privilege helps limit impact but does not prevent defaults.

PR.DS-01 partial match
prevents

Data-at-rest protection policies require proper key management and therefore discourage hard-coded keys.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

prevents

Mandates secure handling and change of authentication secrets, directly addressing default passwords.

prevents

Key-management controls that govern generation, rotation and protection of keys make the use of embedded hard-coded cryptographic keys less likely and easier to detect.

prevents

Requiring documented specification, testing, and acceptance of changes ensures that new or modified components are not initialized with insecure default settings that would otherwise be left in production.

mitigates

Requires secure authentication mechanisms, which includes replacing or disabling default credentials.

prevents

Mandating secure baseline templates and immediate replacement of vendor defaults directly stops systems from being deployed with insecure factory settings that attackers can exploit.

Hardening callouts derived

Configuration rules from DISA STIG baselines that bear on weaknesses of the type cited by this CVE. Each rule is shown with the relationship its mapping actually records, against the CWE it was authored against. Derived via CVE→CWE over `controls_xwalks` (higher-evidence rows only; rows rated `none` are excluded).

Oracle Linux 8 (1 rule)
  • V-248823 OL 8 must not have the telnet-server package installed. prevents CWE-1188
RHEL 7 (1 rule)
  • V-204627 SNMP community strings on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating system must be changed from the default. prevents CWE-1188
Ubuntu 22.04 (1 rule)
  • V-260529 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS must be configured so that remote X connections are disabled, unless to fulfill documented and validated mission requirements. prevents CWE-1188
Ubuntu 24.04 (1 rule)
  • V-270708 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS must be configured so that remote X connections are disabled, unless to fulfill documented and validated mission requirements. prevents CWE-1188
Windows Server 2016 (1 rule)
  • V-224972 Active Directory Group Policy objects must have proper access control permissions. prevents CWE-1188
Windows Server 2019 (1 rule)
  • V-205741 Windows Server 2019 Active Directory Group Policy objects must have proper access control permissions. prevents CWE-1188

References