Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-15389

HighRCE

Published: 31 December 2025

Published
31 December 2025
Modified
15 April 2026
KEV Added
—
Patch
—
CVSS Score v4 8.7 CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
EPSS Score 0.0105 60.0th percentile
Risk Priority 55 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-15389 is a high-severity OS Command Injection (CWE-78) vulnerability in Org (inferred from references). Its CVSS base score is 8.7 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Exploit Public-Facing Application (T1190); ranked in the top 40.0% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified are NIST 800-53 SI-10 (Information Input Validation) and SI-2 (Flaw Remediation).

Deeper analysis

CVE-2025-15389 is an OS Command Injection vulnerability (CWE-78) affecting the VPN Firewall developed by QNO Technology. Published on 2025-12-31, it carries a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.8 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H), indicating high severity due to its potential for significant impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Authenticated remote attackers with low privileges can exploit this vulnerability over the network with low complexity and no user interaction required. Successful exploitation allows them to inject and execute arbitrary OS commands on the affected server, potentially leading to full system compromise.

Mitigation details are provided in advisories from TWCERT/CC, available at https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-10614-dee41-2.html and https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-10613-e1780-1.html.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A05:2025 Injection

EU & UK References

Vulnerability details

VPN Firewall developed by QNO Technology has an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing authenticated remote attackers to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the server.

CWE(s)
CWE-78

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise TechniquesAI

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.004 Unix Shell Execution
Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
Why these techniques?

The vulnerability is an OS command injection in a network-accessible VPN Firewall, enabling remote exploitation of a public-facing application (T1190) and arbitrary Unix shell command execution (T1059.004).

Confidence: HIGH · MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v19.0

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2018-25115Shared CWE-78
CVE-2025-24382Shared CWE-78
CVE-2026-29058Shared CWE-78
CVE-2024-57016Shared CWE-78
CVE-2024-46484Shared CWE-78
CVE-2015-10145Shared CWE-78
CVE-2020-37002Shared CWE-78
CVE-2026-27848Shared CWE-78
CVE-2025-0356Shared CWE-78
CVE-2025-13942Shared CWE-78

Affected Assets

Org
—
inferred from references and description; NVD did not file a CPE for this CVE

Mitigating Controls

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match
prevent

SI-10 requires validation of information inputs to directly prevent OS command injection attacks like CVE-2025-15389.

SI-2 Flaw Remediation good match
prevent

SI-2 mandates timely identification, reporting, and correction of flaws, directly mitigating this specific command injection vulnerability through patching.

AC-6 Least Privilege partial match
prevent

AC-6 enforces least privilege, limiting the impact of arbitrary OS commands executed by low-privileged authenticated attackers exploiting the vulnerability.

References