Security Resilience

CVE-2021-40444

Path Traversal in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 r2

CISA KEVActive ExploitationEUVD ExploitedPublic PoCRansomware-linkedPath Traversal
Published
15 September 2021
Modified
10 August 2026
KEV Added
03 November 2021
Patch / advisory
CVSS Score v3.1 8.8
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L
EPSS Score 0.98 99.9th percentile
Risk Priority 88 floored blend · peak EPSS

CVSS and EPSS are reproduced from their sources (NVD, FIRST EPSS). Risk Priority is our own derived reading, not an NVD score.

Summary

CVE-2021-40444 is a high-severity Path Traversal (CWE-22) vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Server 2008. Its CVSS base score is 8.8 (High).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Data Obfuscation (T1001); ranked in the top 0.1% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; CISA has added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2021-40444 is a remote code execution vulnerability in the MSHTML browser rendering engine component of Microsoft Windows. It is triggered when a Microsoft Office document hosts a malicious ActiveX control, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the target system. The flaw received a CVSS v3.1 score of 8.8 and is associated with CWE-22.

An attacker can exploit the issue by crafting a specially formed Office document and convincing a user to open it, resulting in code execution in the context of the current user. Targeted attacks leveraging this vector were observed in the wild prior to patch availability, with lower-privileged accounts experiencing reduced impact.

Microsoft released security updates on 14 September 2021 to address the vulnerability and recommends immediate installation. Microsoft Defender Antivirus (build 1.349.22.0 or newer) and Microsoft Defender for Endpoint provide detection, surfacing alerts such as “Suspicious Cpl File Execution”; customers using automatic updates receive protection without further action.

Public proof-of-concept material and technical overviews have appeared on sites such as PacketStorm, confirming active researcher interest following disclosure.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

Microsoft is investigating reports of a remote code execution vulnerability in MSHTML that affects Microsoft Windows. Microsoft is aware of targeted attacks that attempt to exploit this vulnerability by using specially-crafted Microsoft Office documents. An attacker could craft a malicious…

more

ActiveX control to be used by a Microsoft Office document that hosts the browser rendering engine. The attacker would then have to convince the user to open the malicious document. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights. Microsoft Defender Antivirus and Microsoft Defender for Endpoint both provide detection and protections for the known vulnerability. Customers should keep antimalware products up to date. Customers who utilize automatic updates do not need to take additional action. Enterprise customers who manage updates should select the detection build 1.349.22.0 or newer and deploy it across their environments. Microsoft Defender for Endpoint alerts will be displayed as: “Suspicious Cpl File Execution”. Upon completion of this investigation, Microsoft will take the appropriate action to help protect our customers. This may include providing a security update through our monthly release process or providing an out-of-cycle security update, depending on customer needs. Please see the Mitigations and Workaround sections for important information about steps you can take to protect your system from this vulnerability. UPDATE September 14, 2021: Microsoft has released security updates to address this vulnerability. Please see the Security Updates table for the applicable update for your system. We recommend that you install these updates immediately. Please see the FAQ for important information about which updates are applicable to your system.

CWE(s)
KEV Date Added
03 November 2021

Related Threats

Threat-Actor AttributionAI

Microsoft Corp. (Salesforce / Slack engineer recruitment claims)
2021 Top Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities | CISA
AnonOps
2021 Top Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities | CISA
Google LLC (civil insider-recruitment defendant)
2021 Top Malware Strains | CISA
SentinelOne (Cylance / BlackBerry civil claims)
2021 Top Malware Strains | CISA
TA2101
2021 Top Malware Strains | CISA

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1001 Data Obfuscation Command And Control
Adversaries may obfuscate command and control traffic to make it more difficult to detect.
T1003.003 NTDS Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to access or create a copy of the Active Directory domain database in order to steal credential information, as well as obtain other information about domain members such as devices, users, and access rights.
T1003.004 LSA Secrets Credential Access
Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.
T1003.006 DCSync Credential Access
Adversaries may attempt to access credentials and other sensitive information by abusing a Windows Domain Controller's application programming interface (API)(Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citati…
T1016.001 Internet Connection Discovery Discovery
Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems.
T1018 Remote System Discovery Discovery
Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system.
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2015-0016Same product: Microsoft Windows 7both on KEV
CVE-2022-21999Same product: Microsoft Windows 10 1507both on KEV
CVE-2021-27065Same vendor: Microsoftboth on KEV
CVE-2024-49082Same product: Microsoft Windows 10 1507
CVE-2021-20023Same vendor: Microsoftboth on KEV
CVE-2025-6218Same vendor: Microsoftboth on KEV
CVE-2024-7262Same vendor: Microsoftboth on KEV
CVE-2019-18187Same vendor: Microsoftboth on KEV
CVE-2026-21227Same vendor: Microsoft
CVE-2026-32193Same vendor: Microsoft

Affected Assets

microsoft
windows 10 1507
≤ 10.0.10240.19060
microsoft
windows 10 1607
≤ 10.0.14393.4651
microsoft
windows 10 1809
≤ 10.0.17763.2183
microsoft
windows 10 1909
≤ 10.0.18363.1801
microsoft
windows 10 2004
≤ 10.0.19041.1237
microsoft
windows 10 20h2
≤ 10.0.19042.1237
microsoft
windows 10 21h1
≤ 10.0.19043.1237
microsoft
windows 7
all versions
microsoft
windows 8.1
all versions
microsoft
windows rt 8.1
all versions
+7 more product configuration(s) — see NVD for full list

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V5.3.2

Likely Mitigating Controls AI

Per-CVE control mapping for this CVE has not run yet; the list below is derived from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry.

addresses: CWE-22

Validates pathnames and filenames to prevent traversal outside intended directories.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-02 partial match
blocks

Patching/maintenance can remediate known path-traversal flaws in deployed software (partial prevention of exploitability) but does nothing to stop the coding defect from being introduced in the first place.

PR.AA-05 none match
blocks

PR.AA-05 defines and reviews access policies but does not address code-level pathname neutralization, so neither direction prevents CWE-22.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

removes
removes
removes
removes
removes

References