Cyber Resilience

CVE-2025-10963

Command Injection in Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1 Firmware m16u1_v240425

Public PoCCommand Injection
Published
25 September 2025
Modified
29 April 2026
CVSS Score v4 2.1
Click a component to see what it means
Raw vectorCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
EPSS Score 0.068 93th percentile
Risk Priority 35 floored blend · peak EPSS

Summary

CVE-2025-10963 is a low-severity Injection (CWE-74) vulnerability in Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1 Firmware. Its CVSS base score is 2.1 (Low).

Operationally, exploitation aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK technique Command and Scripting Interpreter (T1059); ranked in the top 7% of CVEs by exploit likelihood; it is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog; a public proof-of-concept is referenced.

The strongest mitigations our analysis identified map to SA-11 (Developer Testing and Evaluation) and SI-10 (Information Input Validation) — see the control section below for these in your framework.

Deeper analysis AI-assisted summary

Synthesised by an AI model from the NVD description and linked references — a reading aid, not an authoritative source.

CVE-2025-10963 is a command injection vulnerability in the Wavlink NU516U1 router running firmware version M16U1_V240425. The flaw resides in the sub_4016F0 function within the /cgi-bin/firewall.cgi script, where the del_flag argument can be manipulated to inject arbitrary commands. Associated with CWE-74 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command) and CWE-77 (Command Injection), it has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 6.3 (AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L), indicating medium severity with network accessibility and low complexity.

The vulnerability can be exploited remotely by an attacker with low privileges, such as an authenticated user, without requiring user interaction. By crafting a malicious request to the firewall.cgi endpoint with a specially manipulated del_flag parameter, the attacker can inject and execute arbitrary system commands on the device, potentially leading to limited confidentiality, integrity, and availability impacts as per the CVSS assessment.

Advisories from VulDB and related references, including public proof-of-concept exploits on GitHub, note that the vendor was contacted early but provided no response or patches. No official mitigations or firmware updates are available, leaving affected devices reliant on network segmentation, access controls, or device replacement to reduce exposure. The exploit code has been publicly released, increasing the risk of active exploitation.

OWASP Top 10 for Web (2025)

A05:2025 Injection

EU & UK References

Vulnerability Data

A security flaw has been discovered in Wavlink NU516U1 M16U1_V240425. Affected is the function sub_4016F0 of the file /cgi-bin/firewall.cgi. The manipulation of the argument del_flag results in command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has…

more

been released to the public and may be exploited. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

CWE(s)
CWE-74CWE-77

Related Threats

MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Techniques

T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter Execution
Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.
attack.mitre.org →
T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application Initial Access
Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.
attack.mitre.org →
T1221 Template Injection Stealth
Adversaries may create or modify references in user document templates to conceal malicious code or force authentication attempts.
attack.mitre.org →
T1659 Content Injection Initial Access
Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic.
attack.mitre.org →
T1674 Input Injection Execution
Adversaries may simulate keystrokes on a victim’s computer by various means to perform any type of action on behalf of the user, such as launching the command interpreter using keyboard shortcuts, typing an inline script to be executed,…
attack.mitre.org →
T1059.001 PowerShell Execution
Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution.
attack.mitre.org →
Derived from this CVE’s CWE(s) via the direct CWE→ATT&CK cross-walk.

CVEs Like This One

CVE-2025-10960Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2026-3661Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2025-10961Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2025-10959Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2026-3612Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2025-10964Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2025-10962Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2025-10958Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2026-3704Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1
CVE-2026-2615Same product: Wavlink Wl-Nu516U1

Affected Assets

wavlink
wl-nu516u1 firmware
m16u1_v240425

Mitigating Controls

Control response

Prevent
Stop it (NIST 800-53)

—

Detect
Catch it (NIST detect / respond)

—

Harden
Shrink the surface (DISA STIG)

—

Validate
Prove the fix (OWASP ASVS)
  • V1.2.1
  • V1.2.3
  • V1.2.5
  • V1.2.8

Mitigating Controls (NIST 800-53 r5) AI

SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation good match

Developer testing and evaluation can discover command-construction flaws before deployment.

SI-10 Information Input Validation good match

SI-10 directly requires validation of information inputs to reject malformed or special-element content before it reaches downstream parsers.

SA-8 Security and Privacy Engineering Principles partial match

Secure engineering principles include proper neutralization and safe command construction practices.

Mitigating Controls (NIST CSF 2.0) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→CSF cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

PR.PS-06 mostly match
prevents

Secure SDLC practices directly require input validation and output encoding that prevent injection flaws.

DE.CM-09 partial match
prevents

Runtime monitoring of software and data can detect anomalous command execution resulting from injection.

ID.RA-01 partial match
prevents

Identifying recorded vulnerabilities enables remediation of command-injection flaws before exploitation.

Mitigating Controls (ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A) AI

Derived directly from the weakness types (CWEs) cited in the NVD entry via our AI-authored CWE→ISO cross-walk (authority under review) — links open the control.

A.8.28 Secure coding mostly match
prevents

Secure coding standards require proper escaping and parameterization of commands, directly eliminating CWE-77.

A.8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance mostly match
finds

Security testing in development catches injection vulnerabilities before release.

A.8.15 Logging partial match
finds

Logging supports detection of injection attempts but does not prevent the weakness.

A.8.16 Monitoring activities partial match
finds

Monitoring activities can identify active injection attacks after they occur.

A.8.25 Secure development life cycle partial match
prevents

Secure development life cycle mandates input validation and output encoding that directly prevent injection flaws.

A.8.26 Application security requirements partial match
prevents

Application security requirements explicitly call for controls against injection attacks in software design.

References